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Abstract An increasing number of plant viruses and viroids have been reported from all over the world due largely to metavirogenomics approaches with technological innovation. Herein, the official changes of virus taxonomy, includ...
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Abstract An increasing number of plant viruses and viroids have been reported from all over the world due largely to metavirogenomics approaches with technological innovation. Herein, the official changes of virus taxonomy, including the establishment of megataxonomy and amendments of the codes of virus classification and nomenclature, recently made by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses were summarized. The continued efforts of the plant virology community of Japan to index all plant viruses and viroids occurring in Japan, which represent 407 viruses, including 303 virus species and 104 unclassified?viruses, and 25 viroids, including 20 species and 5 unclassified viroids, as of October 2021, were also introduced. These viruses and viroids are collectively classified into 81 genera within 26 families of 3 kingdoms (Shotokuvirae, Orthornavirae, Pararnavirae) across 2 realms (Monodnaviria and Riboviria). This review also overviewed how Japan’s plant virus/viroid studies have contributed to advance virus/viroid taxonomy.
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The genomes of different allexiviruses were isolated and cloned from virus-infected garlic plants (Attium sativum), which were collected from farm fields in the southern provinces in Korea. The partial nucleotide sequences of the ...
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The genomes of different allexiviruses were isolated and cloned from virus-infected garlic plants (Attium sativum), which were collected from farm fields in the southern provinces in Korea. The partial nucleotide sequences of the genomes from different allexiviruses were clearly identified in the virus-infected garlic plants. The cloned partial genomes of viruses in garlic plants showed a greater than 90% homology to previously identified allexiviruses and classified into species of GarV-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, and -X, demonstrating that species of aUexivirus found in the other countries in the world are also widely distributed in the garlic plants in Korea.
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Isolates of an Australian indigenous virus, Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus (YTMMV-Kalbarri), and an exotic virus, Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV-SW13), are described from Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia (red-str...
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Isolates of an Australian indigenous virus, Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus (YTMMV-Kalbarri), and an exotic virus, Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV-SW13), are described from Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia (red-striped tailflower, family Solanaceae), a species endemic to Western Australia. This is the first report of either virus from thisplant species. The complete genome sequences of YTMMV-Kalbarri and of PZSV-SW13 were obtained. YTMMV-Kalbarri shared 97% nucleotide pairwise identity with the sequence of the type isolate YTMMV-Cervantes. The sequence PZSV-SW13 shared greatest sequence identity with the partial sequence of an Australian isolate of PZSV, also from a wild plant, and with a sunflower-derived isolate of PZSV from Argentina. An experimental host range study was done of YTMMV-Kalbarri using cultivated and wild solanaceous and non-solanaceous plants. Most solanaceous plants became systemically infected, with symptoms of systemic infection ranging from symptomless to whole plant necrosis. Based on these studies, it is suggested that YTMMV has the potential to become a pathogen of commercial species of Solanaceae. This study provides further evidence that PZSV is present in wild plants in Australia, in this case an indigenous host species, and possible routes by which it invaded Australia are discussed.
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Plant virus diseases are significant constraints in agricultural production in Bangladesh. The hot and humid environmental conditions are highly favourable for the perpetuation of the viruses as well as vectors round the year. Alt...
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Plant virus diseases are significant constraints in agricultural production in Bangladesh. The hot and humid environmental conditions are highly favourable for the perpetuation of the viruses as well as vectors round the year. Although, the virus diseases are recorded in many crops, vegetables and pulses are most seriously affected. Several viruses belonging to the genera Begomovirus, Cucuntovirus, Potyvirus and Tospovirus have been recorded during the last decade. Whitefly and thrips-transmitted viruses have emerged as major constraints in the horticultural crops. Management of viral diseases largely depends on the control of insect vectors by widespread application of insecticides. The epidemics of leaf curl, yellow vein, yellow mosaic and bud necrosis diseases were witnessed in the recent past. However, the knowledge of identity and diversity of viruses occurring in Bangladesh are largely lacking. This review provides the first comprehensive account of viral disease problems in the cultivation of several important crops and their management in Bangladesh.
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Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology.Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their symmetry,polyvalency,homogeneous size distribution,and ability to s...
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Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology.Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their symmetry,polyvalency,homogeneous size distribution,and ability to self-assemble.This homogeneity can be used to obtain the high uniformity of the templated material and its related properties.In this paper,the variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical plant viruses is highlighted for the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus(CCMV),cowpea mosaic virus(CPMV),brome mosaic virus(BMV),and tobacco mosaic virus(TMV).Their recent studies on developing nanomaterials in a wide range of applications from biomedicine and catalysts to biosensors are reviewed.
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Graminella nigrifrons is the only known vector for Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). In this study, we used real-time quantitative PCR to compare the expression profiles of transcripts that putatively function in the insect immune r...
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Graminella nigrifrons is the only known vector for Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). In this study, we used real-time quantitative PCR to compare the expression profiles of transcripts that putatively function in the insect immune response: four peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP-SB1, -SD, -LC and LB), Toll, spaetzle, defensin, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), Argonaut-2 (Ago-2) and Arsenic resistance protein 2 (Ars-2). Except for PGRP-LB and defensin, transcripts involved in humoral pathways were significantly suppressed in G.nigrifrons fed on MFSV-infected maize. The abundance of three RNA interference (RNAi) pathway transcripts (Dcr-2, Ago-2, Ars-2) was significantly lower in nontransmitting relative to transmitting G.nigrifrons. Injection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) encoding segments of the PGRP-LC and Dcr-2 transcripts effectively reduced transcript levels by 90 and 75% over 14 and 22 days, respectively. MFSV acquisition and transmission were not significantly affected by injection of either dsRNA. Knock-down of PGRP-LC resulted in significant mortality (greater than 90%) at 27 days postinjection, and resulted in more abnormal moults relative to those injected with Dcr-2 or control dsRNA. The use of RNAi to silence G.nigrifrons transcripts will facilitate the study of gene function and pathogen transmission, and may provide approaches for developing novel targets of RNAi-based pest control.
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Plant virus identification and characterization can be accomplished by several methods involving their morphological, physical, biological, cytological, serological and molecular properties. The use of molecular techniques is incr...
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Plant virus identification and characterization can be accomplished by several methods involving their morphological, physical, biological, cytological, serological and molecular properties. The use of molecular techniques is increasing worldwide, and some have been developed for identification and characterization of plant viruses. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been shown to be a suitable method for research with RNA plant viruses. In this study, a new approach of RT-PCR involving previous virus immunoprecipitation (IP) was used for RNA amplification of five virus species of the genera Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus and Sobemovirus from infected plant tissues. IP-RT-PCR was practical, sensitive and minimized problems with total RNA extractions from infected tissues. The technique provides partial virus particle purification by its specific immunoprecipitation, and it should be especially useful for RNA amplification of viruses that occur in low or variable concentrations in plant tissues or when the tissues contain various forms of RT-PCR amplification inhibitors.
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the most economically important viruses, produces a unique protein, p33, which is encoded only in the genomes of isolates of CTV. Recently, we demonstrated that membrane association of the p33 p...
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the most economically important viruses, produces a unique protein, p33, which is encoded only in the genomes of isolates of CTV. Recently, we demonstrated that membrane association of the p33 protein confers virus ability to extend its host range. In this work we show that p33 shares characteristics of viral movement proteins. Upon expression in a host cell, the protein localizes to plasmodesmata and displays the ability to form extracellular tubules. Furthermore, p33 appears to traffic via the cellular secretory pathway and the actin network to plasmodesmata locations and is likely being recycled through the endocytic pathway. Finally, our study reveals that p33 colocalizes with a putative movement protein of CTV, the p6 protein. These results suggest a potential role of p33 as a noncanonical viral movement protein, which mediates virus translocation in the specific hosts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and most complex member of the family Closteroviridae, encodes a unique protein, p33, which shows no homology with other known proteins, however, plays an important role in virus pathogenes...
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and most complex member of the family Closteroviridae, encodes a unique protein, p33, which shows no homology with other known proteins, however, plays an important role in virus pathogenesis. In this study, we examined some of the characteristics of p33. We show that p33 is a membrane-associated protein that is inserted into the membrane via a transmembrane helix formed by hydrophobic amino acid residues at the C-terminal end of the protein. Removal of this transmembrane domain (TMD) dramatically altered the intracellular localization of p33. Moreover, the TMD alone was sufficient to confer membrane localization of an unrelated protein. Finally, a CTV variant that produced a truncated p33 lacking the TMD was unable to infect sour orange, one of the selected virus hosts, which infection requires p33, suggesting that membrane association of p33 is important for the ability of CTV to extend its host range. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Taxonomy Potato virus X is the type-member of the plant-infecting Potexvirus genus in the family Alphaflexiviridae . Physical properties Potato virus X (PVX) virions are flexuous filaments 460–480?nm in length. Virions are 13?nm ...
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Taxonomy Potato virus X is the type-member of the plant-infecting Potexvirus genus in the family Alphaflexiviridae . Physical properties Potato virus X (PVX) virions are flexuous filaments 460–480?nm in length. Virions are 13?nm in diameter and have a helical pitch of 3.4?nm. The genome is approximately 6.4?kb with a 5′ cap and 3′ poly(A) terminus. PVX contains five open reading frames, four of which are essential for cell-to-cell and systemic movement. One protein encodes the viral replicase. Cellular inclusions, known as X-bodies, occur near the nucleus of virus-infected cells. Hosts The primary host is potato, but it infects a wide range of dicots. Diagnostic hosts include Datura stramonium and Nicotiana tabacum . PVX is transmitted in nature by mechanical contact.
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